What missions will come after the James Webb Space Telescope launches? What new discoveries await us? How long will they take to start? I discuss these questions and more in today’s Ask a Spaceman!

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EPISODE TRANSCRIPTION (AUTO-GENERATED)

this episode of Ask Us Spaceman is brought to you by the good people at better help. That's better. Help dot com I. I know a lot of you listen to this show as a form of therapy A as a way of, of escaping the world and and just going among the stars on this wonderful journey. Uh, I am a big advocate for therapy. I personally see a therapist, and you would be surprised if you don't currently see a therapist how much they can really help you Just navigate a difficult life just like you see a doctor to help you with physical conditions, you should see a therapist Better help dot com is a way to do that. That's convenient. It's affordable. Uh, these are professional counselors that you can connect to online a range of expertise worldwide. It really is an invaluable resource. Uh, as a listener, you can get 10% off your first month by visiting our sponsor at better help dot com slash spaceman.

You can join 1 million people who have taken charge of their mental health again. That's better. Help HE LP dot com slash spaceman. You know, it's a little like the day after Christmas. It's there's, there's a little bit of sadness, isn't there? We've been waiting for the James Webb for a long time. It's only been like a decade late, but it's it's it's finally here, and and I mean, hopefully it's here. I'm releasing this episode shortly before the launch. Uh, the expected launch date of December 18th, 2021. Hopefully, I'm crossing my fingers here that this works in the past tense as well, so that if you're listening to this far into the future, the James Webb is already at its station and it's already taking data. And we already have new revelations of the cosmos and all that good stuff. So I'm I'm crossing my fingers. But But let's let's assume that the thing is gonna launch. We've been waiting forever for it.

Well, now what? We got our telescope. We we got this amazing piece of technology. Uh, we we waited over a decade for it and we wait. We spent $10 billion at least on it, and it's just it's here. Now what? And don't get me wrong. The James Webb is an amazing telescope. It really is it's It's an infrared telescope and it's it's built as the successor to the Hubble, but not really. It is going to deliver amazing pictures of which the Hubble is famous for. But the Hubble was an optical telescope. Primarily, it took images in the same wavelength that the human eye takes images. Uh, the James Webb will not. It's in the infrared. So if you see a pretty picture from the James Webb, you know, hopefully you already have. By now, uh, it's it's it's processed from the infrared into visible. But anyway, it's still it's called the successor to the Hubble because it's the next big giant observatory. So in that sense, it is deserving of the title. It's It's a giant thing.

It's so big. It's so cool is it has this crazy folding mirror design. I did a whole episode on it, uh, so it can actually fit inside of a rocket. It's gonna look for exoplanets. It's gonna look for the first stars and Galaxies. It's gonna peer deep into star forming regions. It's it's cool. So what's next? What comes after? So I decided to make a top five list because that sounded like fun. So I present to you the official, Paul Soter Asa Spaceman Top five space observatories to look forward to after the James Webb Space Telescope. Presented in no particular order number five, the Nancy Grace Roman telescope. So this telescope has such a fun history. Uh, and by fun, I mean slightly depressing. It was It was originally called, uh, W first, and and the reason it had this name W first is because that's a big astronomy nerd joke.

And who doesn't love astronomy nerd jokes. So the point of the telescope is to do a giant galaxy survey. It's gonna map a good chunk of the universe, and by good I mean, like, 2.5% of the volume of the universe or something like that. And, uh, it's it's gonna map out of millions of Galaxies here, and it's gonna do statistics. It's gonna look at, uh, the average separation between Galaxies. Uh, how much Galaxies cluster together over cosmic time. It's gonna do weak lensing and I did whole episode on week lensing. It's gonna map out the cosmic voids, which I think is pretty cool. Uh, and the whole point of this is to focus to examine the nature of dark energy. Dark energy is this mysterious, accelerated expansion of the universe, which we don't understand. And we're hoping that by mapping the evolution of structure over cosmic time, we can get some sense of how much the expansion of the universe has accelerated. Like if you add a little bit more baking powder to your recipe, you're going to get bigger cupcakes and catch my drift.

So here's the joke. W First, it's an acronym. It stands for wide field Infrared survey Telescope. It takes big pictures. That's a wide field. It's in infrared. That's the infrared. It's in space. That's the space. And it's a telescope. That's the telescope. Uh, W first, the the letter that cosmologists used to to parameterize dark energy to quantify the strength of dark energy, the evolution of dark energy. The letter we use in our equations is W. So since this, I think you get it by now. W first what? It's Yeah, I told you it's it's a nerd joke. OK, uh, but before it was named W first it had other names. Uh, we first discovered dark energy in the late 19 nineties and immediately everyone's like we We need a space telescope to do big galaxy surveys so we can get a handle on dark energy. So there are all sorts of names JM the joint dark energy mission. Uh, Jedi, the joint, uh, I I forget it doesn't matter. Uh, and all these missions were they they didn't go through.

They weren't prioritized. NASA didn't like them. Say sorry, cosmologist. You're not getting a space telescope to study dark energy. And then one day, the National Reconnaissance Office, which is one of the spy agencies in the United States government and one of the ones that like nobody's ever heard of, said, Oh, they called up NASA. Hey, nasa, nasa is like, Oh, hi, NRO. You never call. Sorry, we've been busy. Anyway, we have two Hubble class telescopes, uh, that we don't need anymore. And NASA said, Why don't you need him anymore? And I said, That's not your business. It's classified. We just don't need them anymore. But we got two of them, and they're like the Hubble pretty much. And and they're just sitting in a warehouse like, Do you want them for any of your signs and nerdy stuff, and NASA said sure. And so the NRO delivered these two space telescopes that they had extra in the warehouse to NASA. NASA said, We call out to community and say, Hey, we got these two telescopes here.

Uh, what do you do? You want to do any science with it? And then the the science case that made the most sense for this kind of was this dark energy survey. And so that's how W first was created. It actually ended up not saving a lot of money, because most of the money in these missions is in, uh, the personnel in the launch and the operation, not the actual physical telescope, but it. It gained a lot of political favor, and so it made things a little smoother. Uh, and then later it was named after the former chief scientist for Nan, NASA, Nancy Grace, Roman. So what is the Roman? It's It's like a Hubble with a bigger field of view. It's not the fanciest, most exciting telescope, but it it does a few things really well. Like take pictures of Galaxies, it's expected to launch in 2027. It's been delayed multiple times because it's next in line after James Webb and a lot of the mission specialists and operations will launch all that. We, the community of cosmologist, had to wait for James Webb to finally launch before they could get those same people assigned to the Roman telescope to get that to launch.

So now that James Webb is going up, Roman is next in line. It's supposed to launch, But don't hold your breath here. It's gonna hang out in LaGrange 0.2 a few million miles away from the Earth on the the opposite direction of the sun. Uh, same as James Webb and a few other telescopes. It's like I said, it's primarily a dark energy telescope, but it's also going to do a lot of microlensing, uh, to do a census of exoplanets. So if you're staring at a star and a little planet crosses in front of it, we we all know the whole transit method thing where the brightness of the star will dim a little bit. But if you're too far away for that, uh, there's this other effect where the planet itself, the gravity of the planet, causes the light that grazes the edge of the planet to bend inward a little bit like a little magnifying glass, and you get a very brief bloop, a little a little flash of light. And and I'm sure pretty sure it sounds like bloop and and you get it, it's microlensing. It's pretty cool. And, uh, W, first slash Roman is gonna be a great instrument for doing microlensing, and it's gonna survey, like a million exoplanets or something.

It's also gonna be equipped with a Coron graph, which is a fancy word for a tiny little disc that blocks out light from a star so it can directly image nearby exoplanets. One of the reasons that W first slash Roman had a hard time getting off the ground pun intended was that the European Space Agency is launching a very similar mission called Euclid that's going up in a couple of years. That does pretty much the same thing. It's a Galaxy survey. It's gonna go after dark energy. It's gonna do microlensing. It's gonna be an exoplanet explorer. So everyone's like, Well, if the Europeans are doing it, why why are we doing it too well? Good question. Moving on number four now That sounds like a French word. And I love saying it as a French word like, very Excuse me. Excuse me. Excuse me. Uh, there is a no, it doesn't work.

Stands for a large ultraviolet optical infrared surveyor. Uh, the word surveyor does not participate in the acronym under. Otherwise it be vos. And I guess no one wanted to say that Uh, like the name suggests it's a super telescope. I mean, it does everything. It it does optical. It does infrared. It does ultraviolet. It slices, it dials it. Even Julian fries. It just it does everything It's it's the It's the astronomer's dream telescope. Like you want a telescope in space. Here it is. It's the end all be all for telescopes. It's You know how the James Webb is like the Hubble on steroids, because it's big and it unfolds its mirrors, and it does lots of science. Well, lovoi is like James Webb, but on even more steroids, a super roided out James Webb with bay and anger issues. It's it's a massive telescope. Um, I should say this is just a concept and one of four competing. Uh, NASA has these regular calls for large strategic science missions where you say, Hey, what are we gonna work on next?

What's the next big one? And then a bunch of groups compete for what they think should be the next focus of science missions. Lou is just a concept at the time of recording this episode. So I wrote this episode before these missions were selected. And then by the time I recorded the episode, the missions were actually prioritized. And so NASA try. And if you want to skip the next few minutes, I'm not gonna blame you because this gets very bureaucratic. NASA doesn't actually make these choices. Well, they do, but they're like, I don't know which one you guys want. Guys being the entire community of astronomers, I don't know which one you want. So you tell me which one you like the best of of these competing missions. And so the National Academy of Sciences hosted a survey every 10 years of all the astronomers, and it's chaired by a bunch of, uh, you know, very renowned astronomers and everyone submits white papers, and they say that my idea is the best and and the community is really interested in my idea.

No, no, no, no. My idea is the best in communities, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. And then all the people on this panel, uh, just listen to all their best friends. I'm not jaded about this process at all and decide what the priorities are for the next 10 years in astronomy. Uh, I have major issues with that with that entire process, but that is not today's episode. And there were four ideas, uh, competing to be a priority, that the community is gonna go back to NASA and say, Hey, we're the astronomers of the earth. And, uh, here is our favorite mission concept. Would you please go out and actually design and build and launch this so we can get some cool science done? Lou was one idea that the mission I'm gonna present next is ha uh, that was another idea, and I'm gonna present these separately. What? What the this dial survey came out with recently was neither LeVoir nor have X but some sort of weird hybrid combination that isn't as good as Lova and isn't as good as have X, uh, but does kind of both.

And you know it's the ultimate compromise where nobody is happy. But anyway, I want to present these separately because we are years, if not decades, away from launching this either of these things or whatever this is. So it's gonna change a lot. So I want to present them in their in their most most pure form. OK, if you skipped a few minutes, welcome back. You you missed nothing. Substantial science. Why, It's just some ins and outs of the sausage making process of astronomy anyway. Lovo, Let's talk about lovoi In its purest state, it's There are two potential designs. Either a single giant mirror or an unfolding mirror, a la the James Webb. If it is unfolding as 36 segments measuring a total of 15 m across, which gives it 24 times better resolution than the Hubble, what would it do? Well, just about everything. Especially since it's only a concept right now. Uh, if this goes forward, uh, expected to be paired back and, as we say in the astronomy world, uh, refocused Seriously, folks, it's just a giant telescope.

But in space launch date is proposed to be 2039 But don't hold your breath. What can it do? It's gonna do more early universe, just like the James Webb. It's gonna hunt for bio signatures on nearby exoplanets. It's gonna take images of our solar system plants. It can do Jupiter up to 25 kilometer resolution, Uh, and so it will give us a detailed look at even Uranus and Neptune, which is great because it's not like we're getting a missions out there any time soon, which I have another phone to pick about. That which you've already heard about. Uh, it's cool. It's a super giant telescope that does a whole bunch of cool astronomy. You'll notice that the two missions I've discussed so far the Roman and the Lovoi have all both had this, uh, exoplanet component to this component to hunt for worlds outside the solar system. This is a hot topic in astronomy. This is probably the fastest growing area of astronomy, and there's a lot of people interested in so far the missions I've discussed, the exoplanet searching biosignature Let's hunt for life Outside the solar system has been side goals, freeloading on another mission.

Which brings me to havoc number three ha, the habitable exoplanet imaging mission. Why get low quality views of exoplanets? Because your telescope is really intended for something else when you could have a purpose built instrument specifically targeted, for one thing and one thing only. Hunting for life. Well, that's ha. And it is a competitor alongside Lovoi for the next generation of big giant telescopes. It seems that the astronomy bureaucratic community has converged on a concept that's trying to merge both. We'll see how that shakes out over the next 10 or 20 years. Have X itself is going to be at L two or proposed to be at L two Same LA 0.2. It's very favorable for future missions because so much interesting astronomy is happening in the infrared, especially when it comes to hunting for biosignatures. And, man, you just don't want to be anywhere near the Earth because we're super hot and you want to be protected from all that infrared heat. You want to get some good science done.

So LaGrange 0.2 is just a great place to do astronomy over the next generation proposed 2035 launch date, which is meaningless. Uh, the telescope itself wouldn't be all that spectacular. It's slightly smaller than a Hubble. What makes Ha very interesting is that it would take two launches to assemble it, one for the telescope itself and another for its patreon. That's patreon dot com slash PM Sutter. I really sincerely appreciate all all the contributions that keep this show going. That's patreon dot com slash PM Sutter, and that's right. It gets a dedicated launch, all for it. That's that's fascinating, really. The second launch is for its star Shade. Now. I mentioned with the Roman telescope this Coron gra, which is this little tiny disc that's built into the telescope itself that you use to point at another star. And it very, very carefully blocks the light from just that star so you can see the reflected light from any planets orbiting around it.

Well, Coron gras are great, but they're limited because they have to be small. And so you're limited to say, nearby stars or large stars. You know, it's it's you can only do so much with a Coron gra a star shade is like a Coron gra, but not inside the telescope. It's free flying and and you should see it. Images of This is so cool. It's like this giant petal flower design. It's specifically design is gonna fly. I don't know. Like it, like a million miles away from the telescope itself or something like that. II. I actually have it off the top of my head and it'll fly in formation with the telescope so that when you target something, the star shade will move your tele. The Ha ax telescope will move. The star shade will block the light from the star. And then ha X will study the light that is reflected off of the planets. Or if it's in looking in infrared, it will look at the light emitted in infrared by the planets itself, which is so cool, I mean, and this is really how we're gonna search for biosignatures.

This is really how we're gonna search for life outside the solar system because right now our methods rely on light being passed through an atmosphere on our way to us, and that reveals some chemical signatures. But not all chemical signatures and so ha, by looking at the reflected light, it's gonna look for oxygen. It's gonna look for ozone. It's gonna look for water it's gonna look for seasonal fluctuations in methane. You know, any one of these wouldn't be a smoking gun for life. But if you were to see all of this, if you were to see a planet with a lot of oxygen, a lot of ozone, a lot of water in the atmosphere, methane going up and down like that looks a lot like Earth. There's no other planet in the solar system that looks like that, and so that it it wouldn't necessarily be a smoking gun. But man, it would be interesting. And in a flip of the script of their other telescopes, other astronomers looking at like supernovae or stellar motion or UV imaging of Galaxies would get to come along for the ride.

And there would be some other open science available for those astronomers. While the main mission is focused on habitable exoplanets, so far all the designs and proposals and ideas have focused on typical astronomy designs. A big tube to collect light, whether the light is UV or infrared or optical. Uh, and so now it's time for something completely different. And so I present you. Number two Lisa, the Laser Interferometer space antenna. Not one, but three satellites flying in formation in orbit around the sun, maintaining a distance of 2.5 million kilometers between them. And they are constantly shooting lasers at each other. And no, this is not just for fun. It's actually for science. And this this is a gravitational wave antenna. It's not a telescope. It's like LIGO, but in space it's like our gravitational wave observatories. But in in space, everything is just in space. So you take LIGO.

What do you have? You have a bunch of free swinging masses that are constantly shooting lasers at each other, and then a gravitational wave washes over the earth and it changes the distance between these masses. They they get closer together and farther apart, closer together and farther apart. And we can use interferometry of the laser by folding the laser beams over on themselves to see to measure these very, very, very tiny differences dis distances less than the width of an atom. We can measure that to a very high precision. We can see these very faint gravitational waves, and we can win Nobel Prizes and see black holes. Colliding is super cool. LIGO in the ground based observatories see a lot of stuff, but they have a hard time seeing certain kinds of gravitational waves. They can see gravitational waves or hear gravitational waves or whatever metaphor you prefer when the gravitational waves are very sharp and very loud.

But if the gravitational waves are very quiet and very low frequency, very slow, our ground based observatories have a hard time picking that out because it's hard to separate from the noise. You know, there's all sorts of noise. There's seismic fluctuations. There's heat. There's trucks driving down the roadway. So there's all the always this constant little rumble in the background. And then when there's something sharp comes in, something sharp comes in for LIGO. We can detect that because it's very distinct from the noise. But if it's long and slow, it's harder to pick out from that background noise like like imagine living near train tracks and there's always trains rumbling by. You can still pick out when someone says your name, because your name is very short and very sharp and very different than that train track rumble. But it's harder to tell if someone is snoring in the next room because it sounds a lot like the train track rumble, and it's and it's very low and very slow.

So that's why we're trying to put something in space so we don't have to deal with that. These three interferometer, these three antenna these three satellites will fly in formation like a big giant triangle and constantly bounce these measure, uh, these lasers off of each other trying to measure these very, very tiny differences between them. And then when a gravitational wave comes while sloshing through the solar system, it will change the distances between these satellites and will be able to detect the gravitational wave. Really, what Lisa is targeting here is not collisions of small black holes, which produce the small, sharp, bright signals. It's targeting supermassive black hole collisions. Uh, not yet observed. We never observed the gravitational wave signature of two giant black holes colliding. But we know it has to happen, because what we see Galaxies merge in the aftermath of galaxy mergers, and there's only one supermassive black hole left, so something had to happen to them.

They had to merge together, but we haven't seen that signal yet, and you can imagine these giant billion mass black holes spiraling in towards each other is going to release an enormous amount of gravitational waves, but very long, very slow, very deep waves. And that's exactly what Lisa will be tuned to see. We'll also be able to see the gravitational waves emitted by colliding black holes or neutron stars before the collision itself. With LIGO, we can see the moment of the collision like this, the micro second or the seconds leading up to the collision with Lisa. We'll be able to see the minutes or even hours leading up to the collision. Uh, NASA was a part of the Lisa mission, but then they dropped out for reasons and so is now led by the European Space Agency with a planned launch date of 2034. Uh, they've already done the Lisa Pathfinder, which was a single satellite launched in order to test some of the basic engineering concepts, and that seemed to work out fine.

So Lisa is a go and expected in the next decade or so. Well, let's go really crazy and I mean crazy. Let's get, uh, let's get daring. I bring you the number one observatory and again, I presented this in no particular order. But hey, it's still number one observatory to look out for in the next generation. Dare the Dark Ages Radio Explorer. So there's this part of cosmic history that we have never observed before ever. Like ever, ever, ever. We call it the Dark Ages. You know, we have our galaxy surveys and we have really, really good galaxy surveys so we can push back to, you know, the first Galaxies appearing the first stars forming within the first billion years of the Big Bang. And we can go really early because we can go microwave and we can check out the cosmic microwave background, the baby picture of the universe when our universe was just 380,000 years old. So we got that moment. We have the baby picture and then we have the adult picture of the universe.

We don't have the adolescent picture of the universe. Why? Because it was dark. There were no stars. There were no Galaxies. The first few 100 million years of our universe, there were simply no stars. And so that's kind of a challenging astronomical target. But There was a form of radiation at the time. The first few 100 million years of our universe, our universe was filled with neutral hydrogen neutral hydrogen doesn't glow a lot because it's neutral. It's just hanging out. But it does emit a very particular kind of radiation through weird quantum interactions. It can release radiation at a very, very specific wavelength at 21 centimeters. So, you know, uh, hold your hand out in front of your face. It's like, That's the wavelength we're talking about for this neutral hydrogen emission. This radio emission or this emission was released when our universe was 100 million years old. 200 million years old, 300 million years old. And then And then what happens is that the first stars come online.

The first black holes come online. The first Galaxies come online. They flood the universe with high energy radiation, and they the neutral hydrogen just goes away. It gets ionized, it gets turned back into a plasma. And that's the state it has today. And when the neutral hydrogen goes away, when it gets ripped apart, ionized plasma sized, this 21 centimeter signal also goes away. So If you can map this signal, you can see it being really bright when our universe is, say, 100 million years old, a little bit faint and patchy when our universe is 200 million years old and then just completely gone. When our universe is 300 million years old, you can watch the evolution as our universe changes character. However, it's not in 21 centimeters anymore. When it was emitted, it was at 21 centimeters. But then our universe got bigger and stretched out, and that stretched out the radiation. And now today that radiation is around 2 m 2.1 m I, which is in the radio, which is your car antenna?

Yeah, that's right. A certain amount. A very, very small amount of the static you might hear on your radio station is due to this signal created by neutral hydrogen 13 and changed billion years ago. How awesome is that? It's not awesome at all, because it's a huge pain in the neck, because when you're trying to observe this primordial signal left over from when our universe was very, very young and going through the the so-called Dark Ages, you have to contend with all of the radio interference generated by humanity, and that's really annoying. So how does dare solve this? Well, it's just a simple radio antenna. It's not the most complex mission design in the universe, Uh, but it's gonna orbit the moon because the far side of the moon is the only known place in the inner solar system that is free from radio interference of the earth. That's cool. So it's just like, let's put a radio antenna orbiting the moon, and then when it's on the dark far side of the moon, we'll we'll capture our data.

We'll have no human radio interference to deal with, and hopefully we can get this pristine signal that we have yet to observe. It can't give us maps because it's just a radio antenna. But by tuning different frequencies, it can scan over the Dark Ages. It can hear different parts of the evolution of the Dark Ages. It can see when there was a lot of neutral hydrogen when there was just a little bit of neutro, and then when all the neutral went away, it hopes to launch in 2023. But but good luck with that? Uh, before I go, I do want to give an honorable mention to a mission called Light Bird. Uh, cosmology has gone in some interesting directions over the past. Uh, 10 or 20 years in the nineties and early two thousands. Uh, you know, one of the major tent poles, one of the major pillars of cosmology was studying the cosmic microwave background, this baby picture of the universe. So we had the Kobe mission in the early nineties. We had the W map mission in the early two thousands. We had, and then we had the plank mission in the early 20 tens.

Uh, hundreds of young scientists worked on the plank mission, uh, including yours truly. Uh, and plank did its thing, and it was a successful mission. Ran for a few years, collected the data it needed to collect, revealed some stuff about the universe, and then interesting cosmic microwave background just faded away in the community. Why? Because Plank didn't find anything interesting. Yes, there's a whole crisis in cosmology thing which I've talked about recently, and and you can go back to listen to that episode. But besides that, there were no major revelations. There were just refinements on what we already knew. We took all the numbers that we already had measured before all the parameters and the amount of dark matter, the amount of dark energy, the the optical depth of, you know, whatever. And we got slightly better knowledge about all those numbers there were. There was nothing earth shaking there. And so the community interest in cosmic microwave background faded because because it seemed like it had been tapped out like OK, we've We've learned everything there is to learn about the cosmic microwave background, and in some sense, it's true.

Plank took all the data that is there in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background and delivered it and measured it there. There's very little left to measure in the cosmic microwave background in temperature, but there isn't polarization because this is light. This is radiation and all radiation has polarization Plank measured. Some of it had the capabilities to measure some of it, but not all of it. So there's more information there in the cosmic microwave background that that well is not completely tapped dry, and that's where light bird steps in light bird stands for light satellite for the studies of B mode polarization and inflation from cosmic background radiation detection. That's a bit of a stretch when it comes to acronyms, if you ask me. But, you know, that's another show. This is led by the Japanese Space Agency, launched in 2028 relatively simple spacecraft. Reusing a lot of ideas from Blank is gonna be a lot smaller mission than blank. Blank had hundreds of scientists. And now those scientists are working on, Well, other things, I guess.

I, I don't you know, I'm making podcasts. Um, so a lot fewer people will be working on this and involved in this, but it's still gonna It's still gonna launch and it will launch in the late 20 twenties. We're gonna get some more information out of the cosmic microwave background. The hope is that we get some really interesting information out of the cosmic microwave background, something that might tell us something new about cosmology. Maybe relieve something about the Hubble tension. The crisis in cosmology. Maybe tell us some clue about dark energy. I hope so. Thank you for listening today. Uh, thank you to all the questions, especially at Jelly Sock on Twitter, who asked, uh, the question that led to today's episode and thank you to my top patreon contributors and all my patreon con contributors. That's patreon dot com slash PM Sutter like to especially thank Justin G Chris Barra, Kay Duncan M Corey D, Justin Zate, H Andrew F, NAIA Aaron Scott M, Rob H Loyalty. Justin Lewis, M, Paul G, John W and Alexis for your contributions. I really do appreciate it. Go to go to ask us spaceman dot com email.

Ask us spaceman at gmail dot com. Hit me up with hashtag. Ask us space and and find me on all social channels. As at Paul. Matt Sutter. I'm having a great time. I hope you are. I'm looking forward to all these missions. I hope we learned something cool about the universe. I really can't wait to what the next generation will discover after James Webb and I will see you next time for more complete knowledge of time and space

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